Packet-Hiding Method for Preventing Selective Jamming Attack

Packet-Hiding Method for Preventing Selective Jamming Attack Abstract The open nature of the wireless medium leaves it vulnerable to intentional interference attacks, typically referred to as jamming. This intentional interference with wireless transmissions can be used as a launchpad for mounting Denial-of-Service attacks on wireless networks. Typically, jamming has been addressed under an external threat model. However, adversaries with internal knowledge of protocol specifications and network secrets can launch low-effort jamming attacks that are difficult to detect and counter. In this work, we address the problem of selective jamming attacks in wireless networks. In these attacks, the adversary is active only for a short period of time, selectively targeting messages of high importance. We illustrate the advantages of selective jamming in terms of network performance degradation and adversary effort by presenting two case studies; a selective attack on TCP and one on routing.We show that selective jamming attacks can be launched by performing real -time packet classification at the physical layer. To mitigate these attacks, we develop three schemes that prevent real-time packet classification by combining cryptographic primitives with physical-layer attributes. We analyze the security of our methods and evaluate their computational and communication overhead. Algorithm 1. Symmetric encryption algorithm 2. Brute force attacks against block encryption algorithms Algorithm Description We propose a solution based on All-Or- Nothing Transformations (AONT) that introduces a modest communication and computation overhead. Such transformations were originally proposed by Rivest to slow down brute force attacks against block encryption algorithms . An AONT serves as a publicly known and completely invertible pre-processing step to a plaintext before it is passed to an ordinary block encryption algorithm. Architecture Existing System Jamming attacks are much harder to counter and more security problems. They have been shown to actualize severe Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks against wireless networks. In the simplest form of jamming, the adversary interferes with the reception of messages by transmitting a continuous jamming signal , or several short jamming pulses jamming attacks have been considered under an external threat model, in which the jammer is not part of the network. Under this model, jamming strategies include the continuous or random transmission of highpower interference signals Proposed System In this paper, we address the problem of jamming under an internal threat model. We consider a sophisticated adversary who is aware of network secrets and the implementation details of network protocols at any layer in the network stack. The adversary exploits his internal knowledge for launching selective jamming attacks in which specific messages of high importance are targeted. For example, a jammer can target route-request/route-reply messages at the routing layer to prevent route discovery, or target TCP acknowledgments in a TCP session to severely degrade the throughput of an end-to-end flow To launch selective jamming attacks, the adversary must be capable of implementing a classify-then-jam strategy before the completion of a wireless transmission. Such strategy can be actualized either by classifying transmitted packets using protocol semantics, or by decoding packets on the fly. In the latter method, the jammer may decode the first few bits of a packet for recovering useful packet identifiers such as packet type, source and destination address. After classification, the adversary must induce a sufficient number of bit errors so that the packet cannot be recovered at the receiver [34]. Selective jamming requires an intimate knowledge of the physical (PHY) layer, as well as of the specifics of upper layers Modules:- 1. Network module 2. Real Time Packet Classification 3. Selective Jamming Module 4. Strong Hiding Commitment Scheme (SHCS) 5. Cryptographic Puzzle Hiding Scheme (CPHS) Module Descriptions Network module- We address the problem of preventing the jamming node from classifying m in real time, thus mitigating Js ability to perform selective jamming. The network consists of a collection of nodes connected via wireless links. Nodes may communicate directly if they are within communication range, or indirectly via multiple hops. Nodes communicate both in unicast mode and broadcast mode. Communications can be either unencrypted or encrypted. For encrypted broadcast communications, symmetric keys are shared among all intended receivers. These keys are established using preshared pairwise keys or asymmetric cryptography. Real Time Packet Classification Consider the generic communication system depicted in Fig. At the PHY layer, a packet m is encoded, interleaved, and modulated before it is transmitted over the wireless channel. At the receiver, the signal is demodulated, deinterleaved, and decoded, to recover the original packet m. Moreover, even if the encryption key of a hiding scheme were to remain secret, the static portions of a transmitted packet could potentially lead to packet classification. This is because for computationally-efficient encryption methods such as block encryption, the encryption of a prefix plaintext with the same key yields a static ciphertext prefix. Hence, an adversary who is aware of the underlying protocol specifics (structure of the frame) can use the static ciphertext portions of a transmitted packet to classify it. 3. Selective Jamming Module We illustrate the impact of selective jamming attacks on the network performance. implement selective jamming attacks in two multi-hop wireless network scenarios. In the first scenario, the attacker targeted a TCP connection established over a multi-hop wireless route. In the second scenario, the jammer targeted network-layer control messages transmitted during the route establishment process selective jamming would be the encryption of transmitted packets (including headers) with a static key. However, for broadcast communications, this static decryption key must be known to all intended receivers and hence, is susceptible to compromise. An adversary in possession of the decryption key can start decrypting as early as the reception of the first ciphertext block. 4. Strong Hiding Commitment Scheme (SHCS) We propose a strong hiding commitment scheme (SHCS), which is based on symmetric cryptography. Our main motivation is to satisfy the strong hiding property while keeping the computation and communication overhead to a minimum. The computation overhead of SHCS is one symmetric encryption at the sender and one symmetric decryption at the receiver. Because the header information is permuted as a trailer and encrypted, all receivers in the vicinity of a sender must receive the entire packet and decrypt it, before the packet type and destination can be determined. However, in wireless protocols such as 802.11, the complete packet is received at the MAC layer before it is decided if the packet must be discarded or be further processed . If some parts of the MAC header are deemed not to be useful information to the jammer, they can remain unencrypted in the header of the packet, thus avoiding the decryption operation at the receiver. 5. Cryptographic Puzzle Hiding Scheme (CPHS) we present a packet hiding scheme based on cryptographic puzzles. The main idea behind such puzzles is to force the recipient of a puzzle execute a pre-defined set of computations before he is able to extract a secret of interest. The time required for obtaining the solution of a puzzle depends on its hardness and the computational ability of the solver. The advantage of the puzzlebased scheme is that its security does not rely on the PHY layer parameters. However, it has higher computation and communication overhead We consider several puzzle schemes as the basis for CPHS. For each scheme, we analyze the implementation details which impact security and performance. Cryptographic puzzles are primitives originally suggested by Merkle as a method for establishing a secret over an insecure channel. They find a wide range of applications from preventing DoS attacks to providing broadcast authentication and key escrow schemes System Requirements: Hardware Requirements: System: Pentium IV 2.4 GHz. Hard Disk: 40 GB. Floppy Drive: 1.44 Mb. Monitor: 15 VGA Colour. Mouse: Logitech. Ram: 256 Mb. Software Requirements: Operating system :- Windows XP Professional Front End :- JAVA, Swing(JFC),RMI Tool :Eclipse 3.3

Should Vietnam Concentrate on Tourism for its Economic Development?

Vietnam is in the republic of South East Asia, bordered by China on the north, by the South China Sea on the east and south, and by Cambodia and Laos on the west. Officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, its area is 331,690 sq km (128,066 sq mi). Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam and Ho Chi Minh City is the country's largest city. Ho Chi Minh is at the coordinates 106 degrees south, 10 degrees west on a map. There many ways in which the tourist industry would benefit Vietnam as a whole. Tourism, of course, makes a huge amount of money; it could be hundreds of millions every year. For example places like Barcelona have become huge, great cities full of people thanks to the money made from tourism. Also read this  Cheating in a Bottom Line Economy Tourism also creates lots of new jobs for the people living in the country and some people who will come to work in Vietnam from other countries. The new jobs will trickle right down to the farmers who grow the food for the people who sell food to the hotels. This means it will be very good for agriculture, giving farmers more money to buy more land and grow more crops. People who have jobs in other industries making products for MEDCs like workers in Pepsi factories, could easily switch to having an easier but better paid life in the tourist industry. Concentrating on tourism alone might still work for Vietnam. If the locals take part in planning and decision making, the tourists are responsible in Vietnam and the government sets policies and plans ahead for it then it could work quite well. But even if it does work then there will be some downsides. Tourists generally makes quite a lot of mess wherever they go, they can destroy some of the beautiful beaches and rainforests. The rainforests themselves will have to be cut through for new highways, towns and airports. With the new highways would, hundreds upon thousands of cars and trucks, which would eventually pollute the country, turning tourist away from it. The effect on the countries fishing industries could be catastrophic. The South China Sea could be way over-fished, so hotels and resorts would have to import fish, driving prices up and making the appeal of fresh fish vanish. The effect on individual families could be bad too; the father could have to move away to a bigger city, potentially leaving the family behind, splitting the family up. This could happen to thousands of families. If the tourist industry failed then the country would have nothing to fall back on, it would use up all its money and end up back at the start. Unfortunately, most of the money tourists spend in foreign countries is immediately used to import more food, equipment and resources for the hotels and nightclubs. This leaves little money left over for the local people and economy. In conclusion I think that Vietnam should seriously consider Tourism as a big part of their economy but I don't think that they should ignore everything else. If given the time, Vietnam could become just as unwieldy as Japan in the computer services/games industry or as big as America or Germany in the automotive industry. I think the best effect of tourism in Vietnam would be the huge amount of jobs it creates and could make thousands of informal jobs vanish for formal tourism jobs. The worst thing about tourism in Vietnam would be the huge amount of damage that would be inflicted on such a beautiful landscape thanks to all the cars, litter and sewage caused by the tourists. In other words tourism could be great for the country but disastrous as well. But I still think concentrating on tourism would be a bad idea for Vietnam's economy.

Analysis Of Genesis Healthcare Inc. - 1425 Words

Genesis Healthcare Inc. Description Long-term care maximizes the quality of life for patients and the standard of quality of care by promoting independence for people, usually the elderly, by restoring the patients optimal functioning. LTC focuses on a variety of services, which includes continuity of care, manage chronic conditions and maintenance of physical function. Care that either takes place at a facility or at home to help a patient manage, monitor and recover from morbidity is an illustration of post-acute care, which amplifies continuity of care. Managing chronic conditions is an extension of continuity of care in order to prevent comorbidity, which is the combination of health problems. Rehabilitation helps patients regain and improve former activities of daily living to restore physical function. Genesis Healthcare Inc. is a not for profit organization, who provides quality of care and quality of life for members of the community. Genesis Healthcare Inc. displays all three variety of services for their pati ents. They have extensive care services to help patients heal from serious illness or life transitions. They manage chronic conditions, like dementia, which is an irreversible decline in cognition, thinking and memory. In addition, they offer rehabilitation therapy, such as physical therapy to a stroke victim, or revital care for patients with arthritis, which increases different treatment plans for pain. Genesis Healthcare wants to be a caring bridge betweenShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Genesis And Its Impact On The Core Markets1625 Words   |  7 Pagesare downsizing slightly in the short-term really to allow us greater strategic focus in our core markets.† Per this statement, Genesis is starting to understand large scale ambition. Depending on how much or how little a company has of these attributes defines what stage a company is competing on. 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Life and Dignity of the Human Person Free Essay Example, 2500 words

This is unlike the views of many people in the world. Therefore, it is only prudent for human beings to adopt God’s view towards others and accord them the dignity they deserve while respecting their lives (Windley-Daoust 65). This course helped me appreciate the fact that God knows each individual intimately from conception and throughout the person’s life. As human beings, we are unable to see an infant in the mother’s womb. However, Psalms 139:13-16 indicates that God recognizes unborn children as human beings. This view is of critical importance in the modern world where abortion has become a common practice. Many proponents of this practice opine that unborn babies do not qualify as human beings and view them as a mass of cells. This course introduces a new thinking that appreciates the life of unborn children (Windley-Daoust 140). This life deserves protection and dignity as well. More importantly, this principle helped me realize that before the creator, all the lives are equal. This means that the life of an unborn baby, three days after conception is equal to the life of an adult before God. We will write a custom essay sample on Life and Dignity of the Human Person or any topic spe cifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Recognizing the value of God’s view was of critical importance because it served as a guideline that helped me to view the entire individual as equal, just as God views them (Gohn 73). Notably, appreciating the equality of life made me take a strong stand against abortion commonly practiced in the modern world. Prior to undertaking this course, I reasoned that the mother had the freedom to decide whether to keep a baby or to abort. However, this principle has revealed that it is not in the power of the mother to take another individual’s life. The unborn baby deserves a chance to live life just as the rest of the human beings. One of the commonly acknowledged commandment states that nobody should commit murder (Windley-Daoust 173). This commandment is of critical significance in support of the principle of life and dignity of the human person. This is because the commandment forbids anyone from taking another person’s life. The positive connotations of this commandment translate to the fact that all human life deserves respect as well as dignity. Therefore, nobody should have the courage to take another person’s life, but each should be focus ed on protecting the life of others (218). The modern world has exhibited its commitment to hate each other. There are religious and political groups that focus on building enmities. These enmities have resulted to the evident terrorism existent in the world today.